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Composition of public investment and economic growth: evidence from Turkish provinces, 1975-2001
Gökçen Yilmaz* 
Article | Year: 2018 | Pages: 187 - 214 | Volume: 42 | Issue: 2 Received: November 11, 2017 | Accepted: February 12, 2018 | Published online: June 5, 2018
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FULL ARTICLE
FIGURES & DATA
REFERENCES
CROSSMARK POLICY
METRICS
LICENCING
PDF
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Variable
|
|
Mean
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Std. Dev.
|
Min.
|
Max.
|
Obs. ɫ
|
|
γ
|
overall
|
0.018
|
0.032
|
-0.091
|
0.178
|
N=1474
|
|
between
|
|
0.012
|
-0.019
|
0.049
|
n=67
|
|
within
|
|
0.030
|
-0.080
|
0.161
|
T=22
|
|
θt&c
|
overall
|
0.148
|
0.161
|
0.000
|
0.929
|
N=1474
|
|
between
|
|
0.086
|
0.022
|
0.427
|
n=67
|
|
within
|
|
0.137
|
-0.183
|
0.874
|
T=22
|
|
θen
|
overall
|
0.267
|
0.278
|
0.000
|
0.987
|
N=1474
|
|
between
|
|
0.200
|
0.044
|
0.830
|
n=67
|
|
within
|
|
0.195
|
-0.563
|
1.005
|
T=22
|
|
θed
|
overall
|
0.216
|
0.144
|
0.000
|
0.887
|
N=1474
|
|
between
|
|
0.078
|
0.023
|
0.357
|
n=67
|
|
within
|
|
0.122
|
-0.077
|
0.790
|
T=22
|
|
θc&s
|
overall
|
0.300
|
0.184
|
0.004
|
0.915
|
N=1474
|
|
between
|
|
0.109
|
0.068
|
0.511
|
n=67
|
|
within
|
|
0.148
|
-0.139
|
1.072
|
T=22
|
|
θhe
|
overall
|
0.069
|
0.085
|
0.000
|
0.891
|
N=1474
|
|
between
|
|
0.044
|
0.011
|
0.259
|
n=67
|
|
within
|
|
0.073
|
-0.147
|
0.867
|
T=22
|
|
g/y
|
overall
|
0.037
|
0.063
|
0.002
|
0.873
|
N=1474
|
|
between
|
|
0.040
|
0.009
|
0.204
|
n=67
|
|
within
|
|
0.048
|
-0.159
|
0.735
|
T=22
|
|
η
|
overall
|
0.016
|
0.015
|
-0.035
|
0.101
|
N=1474
|
|
between
|
|
0.012
|
-0.019
|
0.046
|
n=67
|
|
within
|
|
0.008
|
-0.026
|
0.071
|
T=22
|
|
k/y
|
overall
|
0.013
|
0.027
|
-0.005
|
0.377
|
N=1474
|
|
between
|
|
0.019
|
0.000
|
0.092
|
n=67
|
|
within
|
|
0.019
|
-0.078
|
0.371
|
T=22
|
† The summary statistics are expressed in decimal numbers. Thus, “0.018” should be read as “1.8%”. ɫ Obs.: The number of observations; N: the number of observations in the sample; n: the number of panels (provinces) in the sample; T: the number of time periods (years) in the sample.
|
γ
|
θen
|
θt&c
|
θed
|
θhe
|
θc&s
|
g/y
|
η
|
k/y
|
|
γ
|
1.000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
θen
|
0.118
|
1.000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
θt&c
|
-0.206
|
-0.381
|
1.000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
θed
|
-0.099
|
-0.584
|
-0.061
|
1.000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
θhe
|
0.014
|
-0.291
|
-0.093
|
0.108
|
1.000
|
|
|
|
|
|
θc&s
|
0.073
|
-0.585
|
-0.209
|
0.103
|
-0.028
|
1.000
|
|
|
|
|
g/y
|
0.086
|
0.510
|
-0.094
|
-0.310
|
-0.170
|
-0.367
|
1.000
|
|
|
|
η
|
-0.024
|
0.095
|
-0.009
|
-0.149
|
-0.020
|
-0.010
|
0.061
|
1.000
|
|
|
k/y
|
0.116
|
-0.077
|
-0.004
|
-0.006
|
0.022
|
0.115
|
-0.149
|
0.166
|
1.000
|
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
(6)
|
|
θen
|
|
0.004
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
|
|
|
|
|
θt&c
|
|
|
-0.016†
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.007)*
|
|
|
|
|
θed
|
|
|
|
-0.004
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
|
|
|
θhe
|
|
|
|
|
0.011
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.016)
|
|
|
θc&s
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.006
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.008)
|
|
g/y
|
0.089
|
0.080
|
0.084
|
0.085
|
0.091
|
0.092
|
|
(0.016)**
|
(0.020)**
|
(0.016)**
|
(0.017)**
|
(0.017)**
|
(0.018)**
|
|
η
|
-0.082
|
-0.083
|
-0.088
|
-0.083
|
-0.085
|
-0.084
|
|
(0.129)
|
(0.127)
|
(0.127)
|
(0.125)
|
(0.129)
|
(0.129)
|
|
k/y
|
0.102
|
0.105
|
0.105
|
0.106
|
0.103
|
0.100
|
|
(0.032)**
|
(0.033)**
|
(0.032)**
|
(0.033)**
|
(0.032)**
|
(0.032)**
|
|
Year
Dummies (Tj)††
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
0.004
|
0.004
|
0.006
|
0.005
|
0.003
|
0.002
|
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.005)
|
|
Observations
|
1474
|
1474
|
1474
|
1474
|
1474
|
1474
|
|
Number of
panels
|
67
|
67
|
67
|
67
|
67
|
67
|
|
Wald
|
771.65
|
832.68
|
829.83
|
773.86
|
829.34
|
797.86
|
|
Prob>
Wald χ2
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
|
R2
|
0.17
|
0.17
|
0.18
|
0.17
|
0.17
|
0.17
|
|
Mean VIF†††
|
1.15
|
1.29
|
1.24
|
1.33
|
1.20
|
1.40
|
Standard errors in parentheses, * significant at 5%; ** significant at 1%. † The coefficients show the effect of a one-unit change in the value of an indicator on the dependent variable. The values of the variables are expressed in decimal numbers in table 1. This means that a unit change in table 3 corresponds to a 100% change in the shares of public investment. ††The results for year dummies are not reported in the table for conciseness. ††† VIF: Variance Inflation Factor.
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
(6)
|
|
θen
|
|
0.009†
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.004)*
|
|
|
|
|
|
θt&c
|
|
|
-0.019
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.008)*
|
|
|
|
|
θed
|
|
|
|
-0.015
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.011)
|
|
|
|
θhe
|
|
|
|
|
0.013
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
|
|
θc&s
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.005
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
|
g/y
|
0.074
|
0.054
|
0.068
|
0.064
|
0.077
|
0.079
|
|
(0.008)**
|
(0.008)**
|
(0.007)**
|
(0.007)**
|
(0.009)**
|
(0.013)**
|
|
η
|
-0.091
|
-0.093
|
-0.095
|
-0.104
|
-0.091
|
-0.095
|
|
(0.098)
|
(0.097)
|
(0.101)
|
(0.101)
|
(0.099)
|
(0.101)
|
|
k/y
|
0.167
|
0.165
|
0.166
|
0.163
|
0.168
|
0.166
|
|
(0.060)**
|
(0.057)**
|
(0.055)**
|
(0.057)**
|
(0.059)**
|
(0.060)**
|
|
Year
Dummies (Tj)††
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
0.003
|
0.003
|
0.006
|
0.009
|
0.002
|
0.001
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.002)
|
(0.002)**
|
(0.003)**
|
(0.002)
|
(0.004)
|
|
Observations
|
1474
|
1474
|
1474
|
1474
|
1474
|
1474
|
|
Number of panels
|
67
|
67
|
67
|
67
|
67
|
67
|
|
F
|
35.98
|
26.60
|
41.45
|
30.92
|
32.05
|
55.26
|
|
Prob > F
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
|
R2
|
0.17
|
0.18
|
0.18
|
0.18
|
0.17
|
0.17
|
|
Mean VIF†††
|
1.15
|
1.29
|
1.24
|
1.33
|
1.20
|
1.40
|
† The coefficients show the effect of a one-unit change in the value of an indicator on the dependent variable. The values of the variables are expressed in decimal numbers in table 1. This means that a unit change in table 4 corresponds to a 100% change in the shares of public investment. ††The results for year dummies are not reported in the table for conciseness. ††† VIF: Variance Inflation Factor.
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DATA SOURCE
Public Investment Kutbay, C. 1982. Kamu Yatırımlarının Kalkınmada Öncelikli İller İtibariyle Dağılımı: 1963-1981, No. 1830, Ankara: DPT Yayınları. DPT, 1975-2001. Kamu Yatırımlarının İllere Göre Dağılımı
Public Investment Deflators DPT, 2002. Yatırım Programı Hazırlama Esasları.
Population 1980: DİE 1983 Genel Nüfus Sayımı Nüfusun Sosyal ve Ekonomik Nitelikleri 12.10.1980 Census of Population Social and Economic Characteristics of Population 1975: DİE 1982 Genel Nüfus Sayımı Nüfusun Sosyal ve Ekonomik Nitelikleri 26.10.1975 Census of Population Social and Economic Characteristics of Population
Capital Stock in the Manufacturing Sector DİE, 1978-2004. Yıllık İmalat Sanayi İstatistikleri, Annual Manufacturing Industry Statistics
Gross Domestic Product
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June, 2018
II/2018 |
