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Efficiency vs effectiveness: an analysis of tertiary education across Europe
Ozana Nadoveza Jelić* 
Margareta Gardijan Kedžo*
Margareta Gardijan Kedžo
Affiliation: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business, Zagreb, Croatia
 0000-0001-5390-057X
Article | Year: 2018 | Pages: 381 - 414 | Volume: 42 | Issue: 4 Received: June 1, 2018 | Accepted: October 21, 2018 | Published online: December 14, 2018
|
FULL ARTICLE
FIGURES & DATA
REFERENCES
CROSSMARK POLICY
METRICS
LICENCING
PDF
Source: Scheerens, Luyten and van Ravens (2011), adapted by the authors.
|
Label
|
Definition
|
Used in period
|
|
Countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Rep., Denmark, Germany, Estonia,
Ireland, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary,
Netherlands, Austria,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland,
Sweden, UK
|
|
Inputs
|
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
|
General government expenditure (tertiary education, % GDP)
|
2004-2015
|
|
(I)FA(% EX)
|
Financial aid to students as % of total public expenditure on education,
at tertiary level of education
(ISCED 5 6, %)
|
2004-2012
|
|
(I)S/T
|
Ratio of pupils and students to teachers and
academic staff (tertiary education, levels 5-8)
|
2013-2015
|
|
Outputs
|
|
(O)GRAD(20-29)
|
Tertiary
education graduates, (ISCED 5-6, per 1 000 of population aged 20-29)
|
2004-2012
|
|
(O)GRADT(20-34)
|
Graduates aged 20-34, tertiary education level (% of
corresponding population)
|
2013-2015
|
|
(O)POPT
|
Population aged 15-64 with completed tertiary
education (levels 5-8)
|
2004-2015
|
|
(O)U/UT
|
Unemployment rates (%, 15-64) all ISCED 2011 levels
/ unemployment rates
(%, 15-64) tertiary education (levels 5-8)
|
2004-2015
|
|
Quality indicators of inputs and outputs
|
|
(O)U/UT*ACTT
|
(O)U/UT * Activity rates (%, of 15-64, tertiary
education (levels 5-8))
|
2004-2015
|
|
(O)GDP PC PPS
|
Gross domestic product at market prices, current
prices, purchasing power standard per capita
(% of average)
|
2004-2012
|
|
(O)UR_2016
|
Average overall score, university rankings - The
Higher Education
|
2013-2015
|
|
(I)PISA
|
Underachieving 15-year-old students (%, PISA survey,
an average of all fields)
|
2004-2015
|
Source: (Eurostat (2018b, 2018c, 2018g).
Source: Eurostat (2018d, 2018f, 2018g, 2018h, 2018j).
Source: Eurostat (2018a, 2018e, 2018i, 2018j); Times Higher Education (2017).
|
Period
|
2004-2012
|
2013-2015
|
|
Model
|
Inputs
|
Outputs
|
Inputs
|
Outputs
|
|
Quantity model
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
(I)FA(% EX)
|
(O)GRAD(20-29)
(O)U/UT
(O)POPT
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
(I)S/T
|
(O)GRAD(20-34)
(O)U/UT
(O)POPT
|
|
Output – quality model
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
(I)FA(% EX)
|
(O)GRAD(20-29)
(O)U/UT*ACT
(O)GDPpc
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
(I)S/T)
|
(O)GRAD(20-34)
(O)U/UT*ACT
(O)UR
|
|
Input – output quality model
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
(I)FA(% EX)
(I)PISA a
|
(O)GRAD(20-29)
(O)U/UT*ACT
(O)GDPpc
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
(I)S/T
(I)PISA
|
(O)GRAD(20-34)
(O)U/UT*ACT
(O)UR
|
Source: Authors.
|
Paper
|
Ahec Šonje,
Deskar-Škrbić and Šonje (2018)
|
Toth (2009)
|
Aristovnik and
Obadić (2011)
|
Aubyn et al.
(2009)
|
Yotova and
Stefanova (2017)
|
|
Year
|
2005-2013 (avg)
|
2006
|
1999-2007 (avg)
|
1998-2001
|
2002-2005
|
1998-2001
|
2002-2005
|
1998-2001
|
2002-2005
|
1998-2001
|
2002-2005
|
2012 and 2014
|
|
Model
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
|
No. of EU countries
|
11
|
17
|
22
|
22
|
22
|
25
|
9
|
|
Austria
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
|
13
|
9
|
11
|
9
|
10
|
6
|
9
|
8
|
|
|
|
|
Bulgaria
|
3
|
3
|
1
|
|
|
|
10
|
8
|
10
|
8
|
24
|
20
|
23
|
25
|
6
|
5
|
5
|
|
Belgium
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21
|
21
|
26
|
25
|
8
|
8
|
7
|
9
|
|
|
|
|
Cyprus
|
|
|
|
37
|
27
|
1
|
1
|
10
|
27
|
23
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Czech
Republic
|
1
|
1
|
11
|
1
|
33
|
7
|
17
|
18
|
|
|
14
|
17
|
22
|
24
|
3
|
3
|
1
|
|
Germany
|
|
|
13
|
|
|
|
15
|
16
|
12
|
10
|
9
|
11
|
10
|
11
|
|
|
|
|
Denmark
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
11
|
1
|
9
|
1
|
11
|
10
|
8
|
7
|
|
|
|
|
Estonia
|
8
|
2
|
|
21
|
16
|
19
|
27
|
28
|
17
|
22
|
18
|
15
|
17
|
16
|
7
|
7
|
6
|
|
Greece
|
|
|
18
|
19
|
10
|
31
|
18
|
22
|
28
|
27
|
19
|
24
|
24
|
23
|
|
|
|
|
Spain
|
|
|
1
|
32
|
17
|
34
|
26
|
27
|
20
|
20
|
21
|
18
|
18
|
15
|
|
|
|
|
Finland
|
|
|
12
|
1
|
1
|
20
|
1
|
7
|
1
|
7
|
1
|
7
|
1
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
France
|
|
|
9
|
34
|
24
|
32
|
19
|
17
|
16
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
12
|
14
|
|
|
|
|
Croatia
|
9
|
8
|
|
26
|
32
|
23
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hungary
|
4
|
7
|
16
|
12
|
28
|
9
|
23
|
23
|
24
|
26
|
23
|
22
|
21
|
22
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
|
Ireland
|
|
|
|
17
|
21
|
14
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
Italy
|
|
|
1
|
18
|
23
|
22
|
12
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
13
|
12
|
13
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
Lithuania
|
1
|
1
|
|
1
|
12
|
1
|
28
|
26
|
21
|
19
|
17
|
16
|
16
|
17
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
Latvia
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
20
|
13
|
23
|
17
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
Malta
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16
|
15
|
19
|
16
|
7
|
9
|
11
|
10
|
|
|
|
|
Netherlands
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
5
|
1
|
6
|
|
|
|
|
Poland
|
5
|
1
|
17
|
1
|
22
|
13
|
22
|
20
|
18
|
15
|
16
|
19
|
15
|
18
|
5
|
6
|
4
|
|
Portugal
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
|
25
|
25
|
22
|
21
|
22
|
21
|
20
|
21
|
|
|
|
|
Romania
|
2
|
6
|
|
13
|
35
|
10
|
|
|
1
|
13
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
|
Sweden
|
|
|
8
|
23
|
8
|
27
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
Slovenia
|
7
|
5
|
|
1
|
13
|
12
|
9
|
14
|
15
|
18
|
25
|
25
|
25
|
20
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
|
Slovakia
|
6
|
4
|
1
|
1
|
36
|
1
|
24
|
24
|
25
|
24
|
15
|
14
|
19
|
19
|
|
|
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
|
7
|
22
|
19
|
17
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2004-2006
|
2007-2009
|
2010-2012
|
2013-2015
|
|
1
|
Belgium
|
Belgium
|
Belgium
|
Belgium
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
|
2
|
Bulgaria
|
Bulgaria
|
Belgium-Czech Rep.-Estonia
-Finland
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Slovakia-UK
|
|
3
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
|
4
|
Denmark
|
Denmark
|
Denmark
|
Ireland-Lithuania-UK
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
|
5
|
Germany
|
Germany
|
Belgium-Slovakia-Finland
|
Bulgaria-Hungary-Finland-UK
|
Germany
|
|
6
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
|
7
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
|
8
|
Spain
|
Spain
|
Spain
|
Spain
|
Spain
|
|
9
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
|
10
|
Croatia
|
Croatia
|
Czech Rep.-Spain-Croatia
-Poland
|
Czech Rep.-France-Poland
|
Czech Rep.-Lithuania
|
|
11
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
|
12
|
Latvia
|
Latvia
|
Latvia
|
Czech Rep.-France-Lithuania-Poland-Romania
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Ireland-Lithuania-UK
|
|
13
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
|
14
|
Hungary
|
Hungary
|
Ireland-Slovakia-Finland
-UK
|
Hungary
|
Hungary
|
|
15
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands
|
Belgium-Denmark-Finland
|
Ireland-Finland-UK
|
Ireland-Lithuania-
|
|
16
|
Austria
|
Austria
|
Belgium-Slovakia-Finland
|
Bulgaria-Spain-Slovakia-UK
|
Czech Rep.-Spain-Slovakia-UK
|
|
17
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Lithuania
|
|
18
|
Portugal
|
Portugal
|
Ireland-Lithuania-Poland -Slovakia
|
France-Lithuania-Romania-UK
|
Lithuania-Slovakia
|
|
19
|
Romania
|
Romania
|
Poland-Slovakia
|
Romania
|
Romania
|
|
20
|
Slovenia
|
Slovenia
|
Lithuania-Slovakia-UK
|
Bulgaria-Lithuania-Hungary-UK
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
|
21
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
|
22
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
|
23
|
Sweden
|
Sweden
|
Belgium-Denmark-Finland
|
Ireland-Finland-UK
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
|
24
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
Source: Authors.
|
|
|
2004-2006
|
2007-2009
|
2010-2012
|
2013-2015
|
|
1
|
Belgium
|
Ireland-Italy-Slovakia-UK
|
Ireland-France-Lithuania-Slovakia-UK
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Ireland-Austria
|
Germany-Netherlands-UK
|
|
2
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Rep.-Latvia-Lithuania-Slovakia
|
Czech Rep.-Slovakia
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Slovakia-
|
Germany-Lithuania-Slovakia-Sweden-
|
|
3
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Lithuania-Hungary-UK
|
|
4
|
Denmark
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark
|
|
5
|
Germany
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland
|
Germany
|
Germany
|
Germany
|
|
6
|
Estonia
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Poland-UK
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Lithuania-Romania
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Lithuania-Netherlands-Sweden
|
|
7
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
|
8
|
Spain
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-France
|
Czech Rep.-France-Austria-Slovakia
|
Czech Rep.-Spain-France-Italy
|
Spain
|
|
9
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
|
10
|
Croatia
|
Czech Rep.-Croatia-Poland
|
Czech Rep.-Poland
|
Czech Rep.-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Lithuania-Slovakia-Sweden-
|
|
11
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy-UK
|
|
12
|
Latvia
|
Latvia
|
Czech Rep.-Lithuania-Romania-Slovakia
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Lithuania
|
Lithuania-Hungary-UK
|
|
13
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
|
14
|
Hungary
|
Lithuania-Poland-Slovakia-UK
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.-Germany
|
Hungary
|
|
15
|
Netherlands
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands-
|
|
16
|
Austria
|
Ireland-Italy-Slovakia-UK
|
Austria
|
Austria
|
Denmark-Netherlands-Sweden-UK
|
|
17
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Lithuania
|
Denmark-Ireland-Lithuania-UK
|
|
18
|
Portugal
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-France
|
Ireland-Lithuania-Romania
|
Germany-Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Lithuania-Slovakia-Sweden-UK
|
|
19
|
Romania
|
Lithuania-Poland-Slovakia
|
Romania
|
Romania
|
Denmark-Spain-Slovakia-UK
|
|
20
|
Slovenia
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-UK
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Lithuania-UK
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Ireland-Lithuania-UK
|
|
21
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia-
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
|
22
|
Finland
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-UK
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Ireland-Austria
|
Denmark-Lithuania-Netherlands-Sweden
|
|
23
|
Sweden
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland
|
Germany-Ireland-Netherlands
|
Germany-Netherlands-Austria
|
Sweden
|
|
24
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
|
|
|
2004-2006
|
2007-2009
|
2010-2012
|
2013-2015
|
|
1
|
Belgium
|
Ireland-France-Italy-Slovakia-UK
|
Belgium
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Ireland-Austria
|
Germany-Netherlands-UK
|
|
2
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Rep.-Latvia-Lithuania-Slovakia
|
Czech Rep.-Slovakia
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Slovakia
|
Germany-Lithuania-Slovakia-Sweden
|
|
3
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
|
4
|
Denmark
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark
|
|
5
|
Germany
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland
|
Germany
|
Germany
|
Germany
|
|
6
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
|
7
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
|
8
|
Spain
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-France
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-France-Austria-Slovakia
|
Spain
|
Spain
|
|
9
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
|
10
|
Croatia
|
Croatia
|
Czech Rep.-Poland
|
Czech Rep.-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Lithuania-Slovakia-Sweden
|
|
11
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
|
12
|
Latvia
|
Latvia
|
Latvia
|
Czech Rep.-Lithuania-Poland-Finland
|
Germany-Ireland-Lithuania-Finland-UK
|
|
13
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
|
14
|
Hungary
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Poland-UK
|
Czech Rep.-Slovakia-Finland
|
Czech Rep.-Germany
|
Hungary
|
|
15
|
Netherlands
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Finland
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands
|
|
16
|
Austria
|
Ireland-Italy-Slovakia-UK
|
Austria
|
Austria
|
Denmark-Sweden-UK
|
|
17
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
|
18
|
Portugal
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-France
|
Ireland-Lithuania-Poland-Romania
|
Germany-Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Spain-Lithuania-Slovakia-Sweden-UK
|
|
19
|
Romania
|
Lithuania-Poland-Slovakia
|
Romania-
|
Romania
|
Denmark-Spain-Slovakia-UK
|
|
20
|
Slovenia
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Poland-Finland
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Lithuania-UK
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Estonia-Ireland-Finland-UK
|
|
21
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
|
22
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
|
23
|
Sweden
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland
|
Germany-Ireland-Netherlands
|
Germany-Netherlands-Austria
|
Sweden
|
|
24
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
|
|
|
Quantity
model
|
Output
quality model
|
Input
and output quality model
|
|
|
|
2004-2006
|
2007-2009
|
2010-2012
|
2013-2015
|
2004-2006
|
2007-2009
|
2010-2012
|
2013-2015
|
2004-2006
|
2007-2009
|
2010-2012
|
2013-2015
|
|
1
|
Belgium
|
1
|
1
|
0,954
|
0,905
|
0,94
|
0,973
|
0,929
|
0,989
|
0,961
|
1
|
0,929
|
0,989
|
|
2
|
Bulgaria
|
0,879
|
1
|
0,964
|
1
|
0,707
|
0,879
|
0,864
|
0,986
|
0,707
|
0,879
|
0,864
|
0,986
|
|
3
|
Czech
Rep.
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,951
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,98
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
4
|
Denmark
|
1
|
0,932
|
0,912
|
1
|
0,877
|
0,996
|
0,993
|
1
|
0,877
|
1
|
0,993
|
1
|
|
5
|
Germany
|
0,876
|
0,954
|
1
|
1
|
0,93
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,93
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
6
|
Estonia
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,931
|
0,77
|
0,837
|
0,739
|
0,748
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
7
|
Ireland
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
8
|
Spain
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,92
|
0,943
|
1
|
1
|
0,92
|
0,952
|
1
|
1
|
|
9
|
France
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
10
|
Croatia
|
1
|
0,803
|
0,806
|
0,873
|
1
|
0,808
|
0,806
|
0,821
|
1
|
0,808
|
0,806
|
0,821
|
|
11
|
Italy
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
12
|
Latvia
|
1
|
0,943
|
0,905
|
0,857
|
1
|
0,919
|
0,904
|
0,862
|
1
|
1
|
0,955
|
0,924
|
|
13
|
Lithuania
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
14
|
Hungary
|
0,898
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,811
|
0,847
|
0,879
|
1
|
0,816
|
0,909
|
0,879
|
1
|
|
15
|
Netherlands
|
0,929
|
0,916
|
0,853
|
0,878
|
0,947
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,957
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
16
|
Austria
|
0,719
|
0,805
|
0,841
|
0,843
|
0,977
|
1
|
1
|
0,9
|
0,977
|
1
|
1
|
0,9
|
|
17
|
Poland
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,995
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,975
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
18
|
Portugal
|
0,591
|
0,628
|
0,679
|
0,725
|
0,742
|
0,713
|
0,74
|
0,733
|
0,742
|
0,713
|
0,74
|
0,737
|
|
19
|
Romania
|
0,768
|
1
|
1
|
0,748
|
0,751
|
1
|
1
|
0,725
|
0,751
|
1
|
1
|
0,725
|
|
20
|
Slovenia
|
0,811
|
0,735
|
0,741
|
0,768
|
0,81
|
0,763
|
0,789
|
0,752
|
0,824
|
0,763
|
0,789
|
0,833
|
|
21
|
Slovakia
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
22
|
Finland
|
1
|
1
|
0,995
|
0,997
|
0,935
|
0,99
|
0,967
|
0,924
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
23
|
Sweden
|
0,903
|
0,906
|
0,914
|
1
|
0,908
|
0,969
|
0,98
|
1
|
0,908
|
0,969
|
0,98
|
1
|
|
24
|
UK
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Figure 1A synthetic overview of educational inputs, processes and outcomes DISPLAY Figure
Figure 2Quantity versus quality of education as GDP per capita correlates DISPLAY Figure
Table 1Inputs, outputs and quality indicators DISPLAY Table
Figure 3Tertiary education inputs (averages 2004-2006, 2007-2009, 2010-2012, 2013-2015) DISPLAY Figure
Figure 4Tertiary education outputs (averages 2004-2006, 2007-2009, 2010-2012, 2013-2015) DISPLAY Figure
Figure 5Tertiary education quality indicators (averages 2004-2006, 2007-2009, 2010-2012, 2013-2015) DISPLAY Figure
Table 2Variables used in each DEA model, by period DISPLAY Table
Figure 6Results of the DEA analysis DISPLAY Figure
Table A1Previous research rankings (DEA) DISPLAY Table
Figure A1Input and output slacks of inefficient countries DISPLAY Figure
Table A2Reference set of a DMU from the quantity-based DEA model, by period DISPLAY Table
Table A3Reference set of a DMU from the output quality-based DEA model, by period DISPLAY Table
Table A4Reference set of a DMU from the input and output quality - based DEA model, by period DISPLAY Table
Table A5Efficiency scores obtained from all models, by period DISPLAY Table
* The authors would like to thank two anonymous referees for helpful comments on the paper.
1 Total enrolment in tertiary education (ISCED 5 to 8), regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total population of the five-year age group following on from secondary school leaving.
2 We won't go in any details regarding the broader usage of DEA in public sector efficiency evaluations. However, interested reader can refer to the following research in this area: Clements (  2002), Afonso and St. Aubyn ( 2006), Aristovnik ( 2013a; 2013b), Aristovnik and Obadić ( 2014) etc.
3 See Table A1 in Appendix.
4 For detailed explanation of variables see Aubyn et al. ( 2009).
5 Table A1 in Appendix provides a table with the previous research results.
6 See Table A1 in Appendix.
7 Due to data shortages Cyprus, Greece, Malta and Luxemburg were excluded from the dataset.
8 We excluded Cyprus, Malta, Luxemburg and Greece from the analysis due to the lack of data.
9 Some additional explanation on the BCC and other DEA models can be found in, for example, Cooper, Seiford and Tone ( 2006) or Cooper, Seiford and Zhu ( 2011).
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|
December, 2018
IV/2018
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