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Going global, locally? Decentralized environmental expenditure and air quality
Sean Dougherty* 
Andoni Montes Nebreda*
Andoni Montes Nebreda
Affiliation: Ituna Center (UPV/EHU) & ICEI (UCM) - Agirre Lehendakariaren etorbidea, Bilbao, Spain
 0000-0002-9150-9974
Article | Year: 2022 | Pages: 489 - 503 | Volume: 46 | Issue: 4 Received: May 24, 2022 | Accepted: June 28, 2022 | Published online: December 7, 2022
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FULL ARTICLE
FIGURES & DATA
REFERENCES
CROSSMARK POLICY
METRICS
LICENCING
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Variables
|
N
|
Mean
|
S.d.
|
Min
|
Max
|
Level
|
|
Exposure to PM2.5
>10μg/m3 (% pop.)
|
1,953
|
58.07
|
46.77
|
0
|
100
|
Metropolitan
|
|
GG environmental
expenditure (% GDP)
|
2,306
|
0.887
|
0.27
|
1.00e-10
|
1.7
|
Country
|
|
SNG environmental
expenditure (% GDP)
|
2,306
|
0.687
|
0.295
|
0.0617
|
1.385
|
Country
|
|
European Quality
of Government Index (regional EQI)
|
1,562
|
0.244
|
1.069
|
-2.230
|
1.885
|
Region
|
|
GDP per capita
(PPP)
|
2,016
|
41,067
|
13,087
|
10,714
|
108,069
|
Metropolitan
|
|
Population density
|
2,299
|
2,213
|
1,603
|
87
|
12,929
|
Metropolitan
|
|
Tree cover (%
of land)
|
2,343
|
14.61
|
15.13
|
0
|
66.30
|
Metropolitan
|
|
Transport performance
gap
|
736
|
2.257
|
1.069
|
0.547
|
6.537
|
Metropolitan
|
|
Variable
|
Subnational government
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General government
|
|
(1)
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(2)
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(3)
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(4)
|
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Δ ln(envexp)t-1
|
-21.28***
|
-22.12***
|
-25.82***
|
-20.72
|
|
(2.293)
|
(6.947)
|
(6.210)
|
(17.33)
|
|
Δ regionalEQI
|
-26.64**
|
-47.75*
|
-26.13**
|
-46.91*
|
|
(11.70)
|
(23.77)
|
(11.81)
|
(24.20)
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|
ln(envexp) * regionalEQI
|
|
-4.564**
|
|
-7.451***
|
|
|
(1.699)
|
|
(2.353)
|
|
Δ GDP per capita
|
-0.00312***
|
-0.00275***
|
-0.00316***
|
-0.00280***
|
|
(0.000477)
|
(0.000639)
|
(0.000470)
|
(0.000676)
|
|
Δ Population
density
|
0.00605
|
-0.0109
|
0.000837
|
-0.00212
|
|
(0.0485)
|
(0.0601)
|
(0.0484)
|
(0.0550)
|
|
Δ Tree-cover
land share
|
-26.85***
|
-25.61
|
-27.49***
|
-27.42
|
|
(7.086)
|
(20.97)
|
(7.195)
|
(20.46)
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|
Δ Transport perf.
gap.
|
|
-1.214
|
|
-1.296*
|
|
|
(0.724)
|
|
(0.695)
|
|
Constant
|
-13.60***
|
-10.68***
|
-13.59***
|
-10.61***
|
|
(0.738)
|
(2.210)
|
(0.739)
|
(2.074)
|
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Observations
|
739
|
230
|
739
|
230
|
|
R-squared
|
0.066
|
0.091
|
0.060
|
0.086
|
Table 1Descriptive variables DISPLAY Table
Figure 1Exposure to PM2.5 air pollution in OECD European metropolitan areas DISPLAY Figure
Table 2Summary of estimates for the first difference model
Dependent variable: Change in share of population exposed to PM2.5 (Δ exppop) DISPLAY Table
Figure 2Marginal estimates of exposure to PM2.5 conditional on institutional quality DISPLAY Figure
* The opinions expressed and arguments employed here are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. Comments and suggestions from Rolf Alter,
Luiz de Mello, Isabelle Chatry and two anonymous referees were most appreciated. The paper was written
while Andoni Montes Nebreda was visiting the OECD.
1 WHO air quality guidelines were updated in September 2021 to target higher standards (WHO,  2021).
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December, 2022
IV/2022 |
