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Going global, locally? Decentralized environmental expenditure and air quality
Sean Dougherty* 
Andoni Montes Nebreda*
Andoni Montes Nebreda
Affiliation: Ituna Center (UPV/EHU) & ICEI (UCM) - Agirre Lehendakariaren etorbidea, Bilbao, Spain
 0000-0002-9150-9974
Article | Year: 2022 | Pages: 489 - 503 | Volume: 46 | Issue: 4 Received: May 24, 2022 | Accepted: June 28, 2022 | Published online: December 7, 2022
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FULL ARTICLE
FIGURES & DATA
REFERENCES
CROSSMARK POLICY
METRICS
LICENCING
PDF
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Variables
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N
|
Mean
|
S.d.
|
Min
|
Max
|
Level
|
|
Exposure to PM2.5
>10μg/m3 (% pop.)
|
1,953
|
58.07
|
46.77
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0
|
100
|
Metropolitan
|
|
GG environmental
expenditure (% GDP)
|
2,306
|
0.887
|
0.27
|
1.00e-10
|
1.7
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Country
|
|
SNG environmental
expenditure (% GDP)
|
2,306
|
0.687
|
0.295
|
0.0617
|
1.385
|
Country
|
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European Quality
of Government Index (regional EQI)
|
1,562
|
0.244
|
1.069
|
-2.230
|
1.885
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Region
|
|
GDP per capita
(PPP)
|
2,016
|
41,067
|
13,087
|
10,714
|
108,069
|
Metropolitan
|
|
Population density
|
2,299
|
2,213
|
1,603
|
87
|
12,929
|
Metropolitan
|
|
Tree cover (%
of land)
|
2,343
|
14.61
|
15.13
|
0
|
66.30
|
Metropolitan
|
|
Transport performance
gap
|
736
|
2.257
|
1.069
|
0.547
|
6.537
|
Metropolitan
|
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Variable
|
Subnational government
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General government
|
|
(1)
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(2)
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(3)
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(4)
|
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Δ ln(envexp)t-1
|
-21.28***
|
-22.12***
|
-25.82***
|
-20.72
|
|
(2.293)
|
(6.947)
|
(6.210)
|
(17.33)
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Δ regionalEQI
|
-26.64**
|
-47.75*
|
-26.13**
|
-46.91*
|
|
(11.70)
|
(23.77)
|
(11.81)
|
(24.20)
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ln(envexp) * regionalEQI
|
|
-4.564**
|
|
-7.451***
|
|
|
(1.699)
|
|
(2.353)
|
|
Δ GDP per capita
|
-0.00312***
|
-0.00275***
|
-0.00316***
|
-0.00280***
|
|
(0.000477)
|
(0.000639)
|
(0.000470)
|
(0.000676)
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|
Δ Population
density
|
0.00605
|
-0.0109
|
0.000837
|
-0.00212
|
|
(0.0485)
|
(0.0601)
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(0.0484)
|
(0.0550)
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Δ Tree-cover
land share
|
-26.85***
|
-25.61
|
-27.49***
|
-27.42
|
|
(7.086)
|
(20.97)
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(7.195)
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(20.46)
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Δ Transport perf.
gap.
|
|
-1.214
|
|
-1.296*
|
|
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(0.724)
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|
(0.695)
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Constant
|
-13.60***
|
-10.68***
|
-13.59***
|
-10.61***
|
|
(0.738)
|
(2.210)
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(0.739)
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(2.074)
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Observations
|
739
|
230
|
739
|
230
|
|
R-squared
|
0.066
|
0.091
|
0.060
|
0.086
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December, 2022
IV/2022 |
