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Intragenerational occupational mobility: the effect of crisis and overeducation on career mobility in a segmented labour market
Georgios Kitsoleris* 
Tuan Anh Luong*
Tuan Anh Luong
Affiliation: De Montfort University, Leicester Castle Business School, Leicester, United Kingdom
 0000-0001-9569-3564
Article | Year: 2025 | Pages: 89 - 127 | Volume: 49 | Issue: 1 Received: April 28, 2024 | Accepted: September 16, 2024 | Published online: March 10, 2025
|
FULL ARTICLE
FIGURES & DATA
REFERENCES
CROSSMARK POLICY
METRICS
LICENCING
PDF
|
ISCO-08 major
groups
|
Skill level
|
Levels of
education
|
|
1. Managers,
senior officials and legislators
|
4
|
Second stage of
tertiary (leading to an advanced research qualification)
First stage of
tertiary education, first degree (medium duration)
|
|
2. Professionals
|
|
3. Technicians
and associate professionals
|
3
|
First stage of
tertiary (short or medium duration)
|
|
4. Clerks
|
2
|
Post-secondary,
non-tertiary
Upper secondary
Lower secondary
|
|
5. Service and
sales workers
|
|
6. Skilled
agricultural and fishery workers
|
|
7. Craft and
related trades workers
|
|
8. Plant and
machine operators, and assemblers
|
|
9. Elementary
occupations
|
1
|
Primary
|
*Absolute occupational mobility (workers 17-67). Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’
calculations).
Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’
calculations).
Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’
calculations).
Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’
calculations).
Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’
calculations).
|
From upper skill level to middling or lower
|
2011-12
|
2012-13
|
2013-14
|
2014-15
|
2015-16
|
2016-17
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
|
Marital
|
-0.004
|
-0.001
|
0.015
|
-0.001
|
-0.003
|
0.001
|
-0.001
|
-0.007**
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
|
Female
|
-0.012
|
-0.006
|
-0.014
|
-0.001
|
-0.002
|
-0.005*
|
-0.002
|
0.015***
|
|
(0.009)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.002)
|
(0.003)
|
|
Tertiary
|
0.075***
|
0.050***
|
0.060
|
0.030***
|
0.028***
|
0.040***
|
0.036***
|
0.037***
|
|
(0.009)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.037)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.002)
|
(0.003)
|
|
Overqualified*tertiary
|
-0.177***
|
-0.187***
|
-0.107***
|
-0.080***
|
-0.071***
|
-0.081***
|
-0.071***
|
-0.084***
|
|
0.034
|
(0.039)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.009)
|
|
Underqualified*secondary
|
0.176***
|
0.149***
|
0.195
|
0.085***
|
0.067***
|
0.080***
|
0.062***
|
0.069***
|
|
(0.013)
|
(0.015)
|
(0.912)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.006)
|
(0.006)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.005)
|
|
Years of experience
|
-0.001***
|
0.0001
|
-0.001
|
-0.001***
|
-0.001***
|
-0.001***
|
-0.001***
|
-0.001***
|
|
(0.0006)
|
(0.0004)
|
(0.0009)
|
(0.0003)
|
(0.0002)
|
(0.0002)
|
(0.0001)
|
(0.0002)
|
|
Current education
|
-0.089*
|
-0.004
|
-0.066
|
-0.005
|
-0.030*
|
-0.006
|
-0.007
|
-0.006
|
|
(0.045)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.043)
|
(0.016)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.010)
|
|
Young (17-30)
|
-0.020*
|
0.034**
|
-0.004
|
-0.005
|
-0.008**
|
-0.001
|
-0.003
|
-0.005
|
|
(0.012)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
|
Old (50-67)
|
0.009
|
-0.004
|
-0.014
|
0.002
|
0.015***
|
0.005
|
0.008**
|
0.008*
|
|
(0.014)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
The symbols *, ** and *** denote statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1%. Robust standard errors in parentheses. Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’ calculations).
|
From a lower skill level to an upper
|
2011-12
|
2012-13
|
2013-14
|
2014-15
|
2015-16
|
2016-17
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
|
Marital
|
-0.008
|
0.022***
|
-0.001
|
-0.001
|
-0.003
|
0.002
|
-0.005
|
-0.002
|
|
(0.009)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.004)
|
|
Female
|
-0.001
|
-0.016**
|
-0.001
|
-0.001
|
-0.004
|
0.002
|
0.007**
|
0.005
|
|
(0.008)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.018)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.004)
|
|
Tertiary
|
-0.026**
|
-0.004
|
-0.003
|
-0.004
|
-0.056***
|
-0.046***
|
-0.055***
|
-0.020***
|
|
(0.012)
|
(0.010)
|
(0.065)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.006)
|
(0.006)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.006)
|
|
Overqualified*tertiary
|
0.098***
|
0.109***
|
0.047
|
0.069***
|
0.057***
|
0.085***
|
0.083***
|
0.066***
|
|
(0.014)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.918)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.006)
|
(0.007)
|
|
Underqualified*secondary
|
-0.017
|
-0.071
|
(-0.047)
|
-0.016
|
-0.034*
|
-0.094***
|
-0.044***
|
-0.054***
|
|
(0.022)
|
(0.045)
|
(0.107)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.015)
|
(0.019)
|
|
Years of experience
|
-0.001**
|
-0.001
|
-0.001
|
-0.001
|
-0.001***
|
-0.001
|
-0.001***
|
-0.001***
|
|
(0.0005)
|
(0.001)
|
(0.001)
|
(0.001)
|
(0.0002)
|
(0.001)
|
(0.0002)
|
(0.0002)
|
|
Current education
|
-0.067
|
0.051**
|
0.014
|
-0.016
|
-0.007
|
0.015
|
0.019**
|
0.004
|
|
(0.056)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.027)
|
(0.022)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.013)
|
|
Young (17-30)
|
-0.034***
|
-0.009
|
-0.012
|
-0.018***
|
-0.002
|
-0.008
|
-0.008**
|
0.001
|
|
(0.008)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.241)
|
(0.006)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.007)
|
|
Old (50-67)
|
0.014
|
-0.010
|
0.002
|
-0.005
|
0.010**
|
-0.007
|
0.015***
|
0.004
|
|
(0.013)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.042)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.006)
|
|
Obs.
|
3,501
|
3,511
|
4,614
|
5,912
|
9,894
|
13,965
|
14,898
|
11,379
|
The symbols *, ** and *** denote statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1%. Robust standard errors in parentheses. Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’ calculations).
Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’
calculations).
Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’
calculations).
|
Overeducated
|
Long-term
overeducated
|
|
Young<35
|
0.242
|
0.186
|
0.370**
|
0.343*
|
|
(0.159)
|
(0.179)
|
(0.177)
|
(0.199)
|
|
Female
|
-0.293***
|
-0.340***
|
-0.269**
|
-0.330**
|
|
(0.102)
|
(0.118)
|
(0.116)
|
(0.135)
|
|
Marital
|
0.337***
|
0.285**
|
0.364**
|
0.323**
|
|
(0.130)
|
(0.144)
|
(0.146)
|
(0.160)
|
|
Secondary
|
-0.450***
|
-0.294
|
-0.606***
|
-0.407***
|
|
(0.170)
|
(0.205)
|
(0.198)
|
(0.242)
|
|
Bachelor
|
2.259***
|
2.548***
|
2.403***
|
2.688***
|
|
(0.175)
|
(0.215)
|
(0.201)
|
(0.251)
|
|
Master
|
1.278***
|
1.580***
|
1.175***
|
1.395***
|
|
(0.232)
|
(0.272)
|
(0.271)
|
(0.325)
|
|
In education
|
0.422
|
0.174
|
0.505
|
0.169
|
|
(0.281)
|
(0.322)
|
(0.323)
|
(0.369)
|
|
Experience
|
-0.018**
|
-0.021**
|
-0.018**
|
-0.018*
|
|
(0.007)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.009)
|
|
Employees
|
0.581***
|
0.680***
|
0.454***
|
0.535***
|
|
(0.105)
|
(0.124)
|
(0.117)
|
(0.139)
|
|
Age began the first job
|
-0.027*
|
-0.046**
|
-0.046**
|
-.0585***
|
|
(0.014)
|
(0.018)
|
(0.177)
|
(0.022)
|
|
Parental
education (reference: primary)
|
|
Secondary
|
-0.321**
|
-0.284**
|
-0.461***
|
-0.351**
|
|
(0.125)
|
(0.140)
|
(0.140)
|
(0.156)
|
|
Tertiary
|
-0.339*
|
-0.338
|
-0.273
|
-0.221
|
|
(0.197)
|
(0.222)
|
(0.211)
|
(0.242)
|
|
Parental
occupational (reference: skill level 1)
|
|
Skill level 2
|
-0.093
|
-0.355
|
-0.044
|
-0.334*
|
|
(0.127)
|
(0.173)
|
(0.143)
|
(0.198)
|
|
Skill level 3
|
0.191
|
0.085
|
0.115
|
-0.015
|
|
(0.260)
|
(0.349)
|
(0.276)
|
(0.381)
|
|
Skill level 4
|
-0.252
|
-0.451
|
-0.577**
|
-0.923***
|
|
(0.257)
|
(0.297)
|
(0.288)
|
(0.344)
|
|
Living in cities
|
|
-0.292**
|
|
-0.335**
|
|
(0.126)
|
|
(0.142)
|
|
_cons
|
-2.27508
|
-1.126503
|
-2.36122
|
-1.190575
|
|
Obs.
|
3,055
|
2,304
|
2,835
|
2,122
|
Robust standard errors in parentheses. Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’
calculations).
|
ISCO-08
|
Job quality tiers
|
Mean annual wages in 2011
(in thousand €)
|
|
2
Professionals
|
High-paid jobs (ISCO 1-2)
Upper-middle income
|
19.4
|
|
1
Managers
|
18.5
|
|
3
Technicians and associate professionals
|
Mid-low paid jobs (ISCO 3-4-5-7-8)
Middle income
|
16.3
|
|
8
Plant and machine operators and assemblers
|
14.6
|
|
4
Clerical support workers
|
14.0
|
|
7
Craft and related trades workers
|
11.6
|
|
5
Services and sales workers
|
11.2
|
|
6
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
|
Low-paid jobs (ISCO 6-9)
Lower middle income
|
8.9
|
|
9
Elementary occupations
|
8.3
|
|
|
Status/Skill level in year t+1
|
|
Year t
|
Unemployed
|
Level 1
|
Level 2
|
Level 3
|
Level 4
|
|
Unemployed
|
i1j1
|
i1j2
|
i1j3
|
i1j4
|
i1j5
|
|
Level 1
|
i2j1
|
i2j2
|
i2j3
|
i2j4
|
i2j5
|
|
Level 2
|
i3j1
|
i3j2
|
i3j3
|
i3j4
|
i3j5
|
|
Level 3
|
i4j1
|
i4j2
|
i4j3
|
i4j4
|
i4j5
|
|
Level 4
|
i5j1
|
i5j2
|
i5j3
|
i5j4
|
i5j5
|
Source: Pohlig (2021).
|
Skill levels
|
2011-12
|
2012-13
|
2013-14
|
2014-15
|
2015-16
|
2016-17
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
|
Upward
|
6.4
|
6.4
|
5.7
|
5.0
|
4.3
|
7.0
|
5.1
|
6.0
|
|
Downward
|
10.1
|
7.9
|
8.4
|
5.3
|
4.0
|
4.9
|
4.2
|
4.8
|
|
Immobility
|
83.4
|
85.7
|
85.8
|
89.6
|
91.7
|
88.0
|
90.7
|
89.2
|
|
Wage levels
|
2011-12
|
2012-13
|
2013-14
|
2014-15
|
2015-16
|
2016-17
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
|
Upward
|
5.1
|
4.5
|
4.4
|
3.8
|
3.8
|
6.4
|
4.4
|
4.9
|
|
Downward
|
8.2
|
6.9
|
7.0
|
4.6
|
3.4
|
3.9
|
3.7
|
4.1
|
|
Immobility
|
86.6
|
88.6
|
88.6
|
91.5
|
92.8
|
89.8
|
91.9
|
91.0
|
|
2008-09
|
2009-10
|
2010-11
|
2011-12
|
2012-13
|
2013-14
|
2014-15
|
2015-16
|
2016-17
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
|
Upward
|
|
|
|
9.1
|
9.5
|
9.1
|
9.2
|
7.8
|
11.2
|
8.6
|
10.7
|
|
Downward
|
|
|
|
11.0
|
10.1
|
10.5
|
6.1
|
4.9
|
6.0
|
5.7
|
5.9
|
|
Unemployed in
our sample
|
|
|
|
17.9
|
20.5
|
23.1
|
24.3
|
20.3
|
18.6
|
15.9
|
13.8
|
|
Immobility
|
|
|
|
61.9
|
59.9
|
57.2
|
60.4
|
66.9
|
64.2
|
69.8
|
69.6
|
|
Official
unemployment rate
|
9.5
|
12.7
|
17.8
|
24.3
|
27.3
|
26.4
|
24.9
|
23.5
|
21.4
|
19.3
|
17.3
|
|
|
|
|
Year 2012
|
|
Unemployed
|
Skill level
|
Total
|
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
|
Year 2011
|
Unemployed
|
77.19
|
4.56
|
16.32
|
0.88
|
1.05
|
100
|
|
Skill level
|
1
|
8.75
|
63.33
|
27.08
|
0.83
|
0
|
100
|
|
2
|
4.48
|
3.39
|
86.88
|
4.65
|
0.6
|
100
|
|
3
|
4.49
|
1.43
|
33.27
|
55.1
|
5.71
|
100
|
|
4
|
2.35
|
0
|
6.1
|
5.16
|
86.38
|
100
|
|
|
|
|
Year 2013
|
|
|
|
|
Unemployed
|
Skill level
|
Total
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
|
Year 2012
|
|
Unemployed
|
79.71
|
3.01
|
14.1
|
1.11
|
2.06
|
100
|
|
Skill level
|
1
|
10.08
|
74.03
|
15.5
|
0.39
|
0
|
100
|
|
2
|
5.38
|
2.48
|
86.08
|
4.75
|
1.32
|
100
|
|
3
|
2.89
|
1.05
|
33.07
|
55.91
|
7.09
|
100
|
|
4
|
3.38
|
0
|
3.6
|
3.83
|
89.19
|
100
|
|
|
|
|
Year 2014
|
|
|
|
|
Unemployed
|
Skill level
|
Total
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
|
Year 2013
|
|
Unemployed
|
79.33
|
4.18
|
13.24
|
1.32
|
1.93
|
100
|
|
Skill level
|
1
|
11.34
|
75.26
|
12.37
|
0.69
|
0.34
|
100
|
|
2
|
6.12
|
3.58
|
86.34
|
3.08
|
0.87
|
100
|
|
3
|
3.6
|
0.45
|
29.66
|
58.43
|
7.87
|
100
|
|
4
|
4.34
|
0.14
|
3.93
|
6.78
|
84.8
|
100
|
|
|
|
|
Year 2015
|
|
|
|
|
Unemployed
|
Skill level
|
Total
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
|
Year 2014
|
|
Unemployed
|
79.65
|
3.09
|
12.93
|
1.91
|
2.42
|
100
|
|
Skill level
|
1
|
8.75
|
78.51
|
11.41
|
0.27
|
1.06
|
100
|
|
2
|
4.04
|
2.29
|
90.48
|
2.09
|
1.1
|
100
|
|
3
|
2.79
|
0.37
|
14.71
|
70.95
|
11.17
|
100
|
|
4
|
1.07
|
0
|
2.15
|
4.83
|
91.95
|
100
|
|
Occupational
categories
|
2011
|
2012
|
2012b
|
2013
|
2013b
|
2014
|
2014b
|
2015
|
2015b
|
2016
|
2016b
|
2017
|
2017b
|
2018
|
2018b
|
2019
|
|
Managers
|
8.3
|
5.9
|
5.5
|
3.2
|
3.4
|
2.1
|
1.8
|
1.5
|
1.6
|
1.6
|
1.9
|
3.5
|
4.0
|
4.2
|
4.6
|
4.6
|
|
Professionals
|
13.4
|
13.1
|
14.2
|
14.5
|
17.6
|
17.3
|
18.1
|
18.8
|
17.7
|
17.5
|
15.9
|
16.7
|
17.0
|
16.8
|
16.2
|
16.5
|
|
Technicians
|
6.4
|
5.8
|
5.8
|
6.9
|
8.0
|
8.3
|
8.5
|
8.3
|
8.5
|
8.1
|
6.8
|
6.1
|
5.6
|
6.0
|
5.8
|
6.1
|
|
Clerks
|
10.5
|
11.6
|
12.7
|
11.6
|
12.3
|
11.3
|
11.7
|
11.5
|
10.6
|
10.4
|
11.5
|
11.8
|
11.5
|
11.3
|
11.0
|
10.7
|
|
Service
workers
|
16.9
|
19.2
|
19.5
|
22.1
|
21.5
|
23.0
|
23.0
|
22.9
|
24.1
|
25.2
|
26.5
|
24.4
|
23.5
|
23.8
|
22.7
|
22.4
|
|
Skilled
workers
|
15.4
|
15.2
|
13.5
|
13.4
|
10.4
|
10.1
|
10.1
|
10.4
|
11.3
|
11.6
|
12.0
|
12.0
|
12.8
|
12.7
|
13.8
|
13.8
|
|
Craft
workers
|
14.8
|
14.0
|
13.9
|
13.4
|
12.9
|
12.6
|
12.0
|
11.1
|
10.4
|
10.3
|
10.0
|
10.0
|
10.5
|
10.7
|
11.1
|
11.3
|
|
Plant
operators etc
|
6.7
|
6.3
|
6.6
|
6.0
|
5.6
|
5.7
|
5.8
|
5.7
|
5.8
|
6.2
|
6.2
|
6.6
|
6.5
|
6.5
|
6.1
|
6.3
|
|
Elementary
occupations
|
8.3
|
8.9
|
8.2
|
8.9
|
8.2
|
9.5
|
9.0
|
9.8
|
10.0
|
9.1
|
9.1
|
8.9
|
8.6
|
7.9
|
8.8
|
8.3
|
|
Obs.
|
3,501
|
3,501
|
3,511
|
3,511
|
4,614
|
4,614
|
5,912
|
5,912
|
9,894
|
9,894
|
13,967
|
13,967
|
14,901
|
14,901
|
11,395
|
11,395
|
Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’
calculations).
Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’
calculations).
|
Remaining in the same level
|
|
2011-12
|
2012-13
|
2013-14
|
2014-15
|
2015-16
|
2016-17
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
|
Marital
|
0.010
|
-0.022
|
-0.022
|
0.002
|
0.010
|
-0.001
|
0.005
|
0.008
|
|
Female
|
0.009
|
0.009
|
0.010
|
-0.007
|
0.000
|
-0.016
|
-0.007
|
-0.027
|
|
Tertiary
|
-0.200
|
-0.150
|
-0.169
|
-0.109
|
-0.050
|
-0.105
|
-0.062
|
-0.121
|
|
Underqualified
|
-0.220
|
-0.189
|
-0.152
|
-0.098
|
-0.041
|
-0.072
|
-0.056
|
-0.048
|
|
Qualified(ref)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Overqualified
|
0.032
|
0.008
|
0.059
|
0.038
|
0.032
|
0.043
|
0.009
|
0.049
|
|
Years of experience
|
0.003
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
0.002
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
|
Current education
|
0.105
|
-0.017
|
0.019
|
0.017
|
0.024
|
-0.013
|
-0.002
|
-0.032
|
|
Young (17-30)
|
0.053
|
-0.011
|
0.020
|
0.025
|
0.016
|
0.004
|
0.008
|
0.011
|
|
Middle (31-50) ref.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Old (50-67)
|
0.007
|
0.009
|
0.016
|
0.008
|
-0.017
|
0.002
|
-0.012
|
-0.007
|
|
From upper skilled level to middling or
lower
|
|
Marital
|
-0.005
|
0.002
|
0.020
|
-0.005
|
-0.005
|
-0.001
|
0.000
|
-0.007
|
|
Female
|
-0.009
|
-0.005
|
-0.017
|
0.000
|
0.002
|
0.001
|
-0.003
|
0.014
|
|
Tertiary
|
0.145
|
0.097
|
0.108
|
0.045
|
0.033
|
0.048
|
0.036
|
0.056
|
|
Underqualified
|
0.247
|
0.225
|
0.190
|
0.102
|
0.057
|
0.096
|
0.077
|
0.078
|
|
Qualified(ref)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Overqualified
|
-0.043
|
-0.048
|
-0.052
|
-0.039
|
-0.033
|
-0.036
|
-0.023
|
-0.032
|
|
Years of experience
|
-0.003
|
-0.001
|
-0.001
|
-0.002
|
-0.001
|
-0.001
|
-0.001
|
-0.001
|
|
Current education
|
-0.073
|
-0.021
|
-0.035
|
-0.022
|
-0.025
|
-0.015
|
-0.021
|
0.008
|
|
Young (17-30)
|
-0.036
|
0.010
|
-0.005
|
-0.011
|
-0.010
|
0.001
|
-0.004
|
-0.008
|
|
Middle (31-50) ref.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Old (50-67)
|
-0.003
|
-0.011
|
-0.021
|
-0.002
|
0.009
|
0.007
|
0.003
|
0.006
|
|
From lower skilled level to upper
|
|
Marital
|
-0.005
|
0.021
|
0.002
|
0.003
|
-0.005
|
0.002
|
-0.005
|
-0.001
|
|
Female
|
-0.001
|
-0.003
|
0.008
|
0.007
|
-0.001
|
0.015
|
0.010
|
0.013
|
|
Tertiary
|
0.055
|
0.053
|
0.062
|
0.065
|
0.017
|
0.057
|
0.026
|
0.065
|
|
Underqualified
|
-0.027
|
-0.035
|
-0.038
|
-0.004
|
-0.016
|
-0.024
|
-0.021
|
-0.030
|
|
Qualified(ref)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Overqualified
|
0.011
|
0.040
|
-0.007
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
-0.007
|
0.014
|
-0.018
|
|
Years of experience
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.001
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
|
Current education
|
-0.032
|
0.038
|
0.016
|
0.005
|
0.001
|
0.028
|
0.022
|
0.024
|
|
Young (17-30)
|
-0.017
|
0.001
|
-0.015
|
-0.014
|
-0.006
|
-0.004
|
-0.004
|
-0.003
|
|
Middle (31-50) ref.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Old (50-67)
|
-0.004
|
0.002
|
0.005
|
-0.005
|
0.008
|
-0.008
|
0.008
|
0.001
|
Notes: Bold coefficients are significant at the 10 percent level or better. Dependent variable: mobility between skilled levels. Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’ calculations).
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
2019
|
|
Skill level 1
|
8.1
|
8.2
|
8.8
|
9.9
|
10.4
|
9.3
|
8.9
|
8.4
|
8.4
|
|
Primary
|
19.3
|
18.3
|
14.8
|
14.1
|
13.8
|
13.7
|
13.8
|
13.1
|
14.6
|
|
Mismatch in
low level
|
-11.2
|
-10.1
|
-6.0
|
-4.2
|
-3.4
|
-4.4
|
-4.9
|
-4.8
|
-6.3
|
|
Skill level 2
|
62.6
|
66.4
|
63.3
|
63.1
|
62.8
|
65.7
|
64.4
|
63.6
|
64.1
|
|
Secondary-Post
Secondary
|
53.8
|
54.5
|
54.2
|
54.0
|
53.9
|
54.3
|
54.9
|
55.4
|
54.5
|
|
Mismatch in
medium level
|
8.8
|
11.9
|
9.1
|
9.1
|
8.9
|
11.4
|
9.4
|
8.2
|
9.7
|
|
3rd-4th level
|
29.2
|
25.3
|
27.8
|
26.9
|
26.8
|
25.0
|
26.7
|
28.0
|
27.5
|
|
Tertiary
|
26.8
|
27.0
|
31.0
|
31.4
|
31.5
|
31.3
|
30.5
|
30.4
|
29.9
|
|
Overeducation
in high level
|
2.4
|
-1.7
|
-3.2
|
-4.4
|
-4.8
|
-6.3
|
-3.7
|
-2.3
|
-2.4
|
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March, 2025
I/2025
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